la medecine Du JUDO - Medicine and Judo Sciences

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• Pre-competitive stress symptoms in brazilian young judo athletes
• Title : Judo in the spanish physical education teacher education : A comparative analysis between valencia and castilla-leon universities for new curriculum reform
• Title : Comparison of physiological variables during judo matches and five-minute maximum runs

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PRE-COMPETITIVE STRESS SYMPTOMS IN BRAZILIAN YOUNG JUDO ATHLETES

AUTHORS : MAURO CESAR GURGEL OF ALENCAR CARVALHO¹, JOÃO PAULO DUBAS¹, FABIANA DA COSTA MOREIRA¹, MARCOS ANTONIO LOPES¹, GIAN FABRICIO S. MARTIN¹, JULIO CESAR DO PRADO¹, FELIPE LEAL DE PAIVA CARVALHO¹ and DANTE DEROSE JÚNIOR²

¹ JUDÔjo – Research and Study Group of Judô
² Sport Psychology Research and Study Group
Department of Sport - School of Physical Education and Sport - University of São Paulo / Brazil

Keywords : youth sport - stress - competition – judo - sport psychology

ABSTRACT

This paper proposals are to present the levels of pre-competitive stress, the most frequent stress symptom amongst teenager Judo athletes during the São Paulo State Championship, in Brazil, and to compare their levels according to their gender and age group. The sample comprised 146 judokas, where 55 were pre-juvenile males, 25 were juvenile males, 33 pre-juvenile females and 33 juvenile females.
The measuring instrument was the List of Symptoms of Infant-juvenile Pre-competitive Stress (LSSPCI). The ANOVA was used (p <0.01) to determine the differences between sexes and age categories. The results showed significantly higher stress levels for females when compared to males but there was no significant difference between the judokas of the same gender with different age groups (pre-juvenile x juvenile). Now Judo Senseis and their athletes have the tools to identify the stress symptoms that may influence negatively on performance. So they will be able to reach a higher performance, lower their suffering during competition and probably diminish the drop out after a poor performance, mainly amongst females.

INTRODUCTION

Like any other activity in life, the sport (Judo) can also be potentially an event stress generator (Madden et alii, 1990). According to Jones and Hardy (1990), the competitive sport is not only a product of biomechanic or physiologic factors, but also from psychological factors involved in a competition, specially the stress which can influence the athlete’s performance.

DeRose Jr. (1997) stated that any level of competition demands some important requirements from its participants such as training, preparation, sacrifices and experience, among others. These requirements may not be properly developed yet when studying the teenagers’ sport. It suggests that the young athlete must deal with a higher level of stress even though he is not yet prepared.

Stress can be manifested in several ways. Coaches, teachers and also the athlete himself must know its symptoms. While recognizing his own reactions, judokas may better understand and deal with the provocative situations of stress during a competition. However Sport Psychology research on Judo presents only a few articles concerning adult athletes and even fewer when focusing Brazilian teenager judokas.

This study aims to define the pre-competition stress level (measured by the frequency of occurrence of symptoms) among teenager judokas, to compare these levels and to determine the most frequent symptoms among of the sex and of the age categories.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

146 judocas participated of this study. They have competed in official São Paulo State Championships. It comprised 80 boys (55 of the pre-juvenile category and 25 of the juvenile) and 66 girls (33 of each category). The pre-juvenile category includes athletes within the age group of 13 and 14 years old and the juvenile category includes athletes within the age group of 15, 16 and 17 years old.

The athletes answered the List of Symptoms of Infant-juvenile Pre-competitive Stress (LSSPCI), developed by DeRose Jr. (1998), especially to determine the most frequent symptoms of pre-competitive stress and their level of frequency of occurrence. In this questionnaire, the Likert scale (i.e.: 1 = never; 2 = few times; 3 = sometimes; 4 = a lot of times and 5 = Always) was used to measure the judokas level of agreement with each argued sentence.
The ANOVA was used (p <0.01) to determine the differences between sexes and age categories. The most frequent symptoms were determined by the sum of the percentage of answers of the levels 4 and 5 at proposed questionnaire scale. Means and standard deviations were used to describe the levels of stress at each group.

RESULTS

The LSSPCI answers showed that the symptom levels (FO) were considered to be moderate.

Table 1 : Frequency of occurrence means (FO) and standard deviations (SD) of pre-competitive symptoms.

When comparing two groups of the same gender with different ages (pre-juvenile and juvenile), ANOVA showed that there were no significant differences. So, pre-juvenile males did not differ from juvenile males nor did pre-juvenile females from juveniles. However, males did differ significantly from females despite of their age group.

Judokas were divided in sex and age groups to demonstrate the most frequent symptoms in the tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 : The most frequent symptoms of pre-competitive stress for masculine judokas and their percentages of occurrence in the levels 4 and 5.

Table 3 : The most frequent symptoms of pre-competitive stress among female judokas and their percentages of occurrence in the levels 4 and 5.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The LSSPCI showed the pre-competitive stress symptoms for teenager Brazilian judokas. Their frequency of occurrence means can be considered to be moderate, while considering the scale as an instrument that varies of 1 (never) for 5 (always). The girls presented significantly larger means than the boys' means within the two age groups. Similar results were found among athletes within the same age group from different sporting modalities developed by Meira et alii (1997), DeRose Jr. and Vasconcelos (1997), DeRose Jr. et alii (1998a; 1998b; 1998c), DeRose et alii (1999a), Korsakas et alii (1999) and Pinto et alii (1999).

Within the most frequent symptoms presented by males (n=5) and females (n=6), 4 symptoms are the same, however the frequency of occurrence among females are significantly higher than among males. The psychological and cognitive symptoms overcome the physiological and psychomotor symptoms. These results are similar to the results from DeRose Jr. et alii (1997), Campos et alii (1998), Vasconcelos et alii (1998), DeRose Jr. et alii (1999b) and Pinto et alii (1999).

It is important to mention that all the referred studies, where LSSPCI was used, were developed among 1000 Brazilian infant-juvenile athletes in the following sports: Track and Field, Competition Aerobics, Basketball, Football, Artistic Gymnastics, Rhythmic Sport Gymnastics, Judo, Synchronized Swimming, Swimming, Water Polo, Tennis and Volleyball.

This study presented unpublished data about teenager Judo athletes from the State of São Paulo, in Brazil, comprising a much bigger sample than the other mentioned study where the instrument were validated. Now the Brazilian Judo Senseis and their teenager Judo athletes have the tools to identify the stressing symptoms, but they yet must develop strategies to control them. So they will be able to reach a higher performance, lower their suffering during competition and probably diminish the drop out after a poor performance, mainly amongst females.

References

1. Campos, R.R.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C.; Korsakas, P. & DeRose Jr., D. (1998) Main symptoms of pre-competitive stress in infant-juvenile athletes of the masculine sex. Anais do V Congresso de Iniciação Científica e III Simpósio de Pós Graduação. São Paulo, EEFEUSP.
2. DeRose Jr., D. (1997) Stress symptoms in the infant-juvenile sport. Revista Treinamento Desportivo, 2, 3, p. 12-20.
3. DeRose Jr., D. (1998a) List of symptoms of infant-juvenile pre-competitive stress: elaboration and validation of an instrument. Revista Paulista de Educação Física, 10, 2, 139-145.
4. DeRose Jr., D.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C. & Korsakas, P. (1998b) Stress and infant-juvenile sport: analysis of feminine teams. Annals of the IV Congress of Physical Education and Sciences and Sport of the Portuguese-speaking Countries. La Coruña (Spain).
5. DeRose Jr., D.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C. & Korsakas, P. (1998c) Stress and infant-juvenile sport: analysis of masculine teams. Anais do V Congresso de Iniciação Científica e III Simpósio de Pós Graduação. São Paulo, EEFEUSP.
6. DeRose Jr., D.; Korsakas, P.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C. & Campos, R.R. (1999a) Comparison of pre-competitive stress symptoms in youth sport between boys and girls. Youth Sports in the 21st Century: organized sports in the lives of children and adolescents - Proceedings. USA, Michigan State University.
7. DeRose Jr., D.; Korsakas, P.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C. & Campos, R.R. (1999b) Main symptoms of stress in youth sport. 46th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine - Proceedings. Seattle (USA).
8. Jones, J.G. & Hardy, L. (1990) Stress and performance in sport. Chichester (Eng.), Willey and Sounds.
9. Korsakas, P.; DeRose Jr., D.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C. & Campos, R.R. (1999) The frequency of occurrence of pre-competitive stress symptoms in boys and girls. Youth Sports in the 21st Century: organized sports in the lives of children and adolescents - Proceedings. USA, Michigan State University.
10. Madden, C.C.; Summers, J.J. & Brown, D.F. (1990) The influence of perceived stress on coping with competitive basketball. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, p. 214-225.
11. Meira, C.M., Massa, M.; DeRose Jr., D. & Vasconcelos, E.G. (1997) Pre-competitive stress symptoms in volleyball school athletes. Anais do Congresso Mundial de Educação Física - AIESEP. Rio de Janeiro.
12. Pinto, M.A.V.; DeRose Jr., D.; Korsakas, P.; Vasconcelos, B.L.C. & Campos, R.R. (1999) Pre-competitive stress symptoms in football. Anais do XXII Simpósio Internacional de Ciências do Esporte. São Paulo, CELAFISCS.
13. Vasconcelos, B.L.C.; Campos, R.R.; Korsakas, P. & DeRose Jr., D. (1998) Main pre-competitive stress symptoms in infant-juvenile girl athletes. Anais do V Congresso de Iniciação Científica e III Simpósio de Pós Graduação. São Paulo, EEFEUSP.

Autor : Dr. Julian Espartero
Address : INCAFD, Campus de Vegazana, s/n. 24071 León (Spain)
Telephone number(s) : 34 (987) 223915.
Fax number(s) : 34 (96): 223812
Email address : inejec@isidoro.unileon.es
National organizational membership information:
Profesor Titular de Judo del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte de Castilla y León
Universidad de León. Spain.

Co-autor : Prof. Miguel Villamón
Address : Ermita Sta. Bárbara, 19. Alboraia, 46120, Valencia (Spain)
Telephone number(s) : 34 (96) 1855907.
Fax number(s) : 34 (96): 2512403
Email address : miguel.villamon@uv.es
National organizational membership information :
Profesor Titular de Judo del Departament d'Educació Física i Esportiva
Facultat de Ciències de l'Activitat Física i l'Esport (FCCAFE)
Universitat de València. Spain.

Co-autor : Prof. Carlos Gutiérrez
Address : INCAFD, Campus de Vegazana, s/n. 24071 León (Spain)
Telephone number(s) : 34 (987) 223915.
Fax number(s) : 34 (96): 223812
Email address : inecgg@isidoro.unileon.es
National organizational membership information :
Profesor Interino de Judo del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte de Castilla y León
Universidad de León. Spain.

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Title : JUDO IN THE SPANISH PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION:
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN VALENCIA AND CASTILLA-LEÓN UNIVERSITIES
FOR NEW CURRICULUM REFORM

ABSTRACT

Judo has been a subject within the Spanish Physical Education Teacher Education at the Valencia and Castilla-Leon’s Universities since 1986. Ten graduations have been passed until now and some of theirs graduates have specialised in judo. Since a new reform is now at the beginning, a comparative analysis is developed to inform new changes in the Higher Education curriculum. Institutional facilitating and constraining conditions of teaching judo, as well as, number of students, different sport curriculum itineraries and lecturers complementary activities for teaching, promotion and professional development in judo are analysed. Some comments derived from data analysis and suggestions for future curriculum are emphasised.
The 2nd International Judo Federation World Judo Conference
Scientific Studies on Judo: Poster Presentations.

Valuation of the state of judokas phisical condition for judo competition by means of the “Uchi-Komis Test in series”.

Mansilla, M.*, Villa, J.G.**, García, J.**, López, C**, Ruiz, G.
*Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de la Universidad de Extremadura, **Dpto. Didáctica E.M.C.P. y Educación Física de la Universidad de León.

Address for correspondence:
Dra. Mirella Mansilla Fernández,
Profesora de Lucha y Judo,
Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte,
Avda. de la Universidad s/n,
10071, Cáceres (Spain)
Tef. 927257460// 927257462
Fax: 927257461//927257464
E-mail: mancilla@unex.es

Introduction. The mere observation of judo combats shows that intermittent and fron different intensities effort are carried out, so that one has to be ready to make various combats type for the duration of minutes.
To analice the effort carried out in energetic terms, and before the imposibility for measuring VO2 during a combat, the conclusion has been that the post exercise blood lactate concentrations are better indicator than the own register of hear rate. The predominance of one or another energetic may depends on the intensity and the duration of the combats.

Objective. With the purpose of comparing the metabolic effort generated in succesive final combats and owing a test that lets us valorate the training made, the physical condition obtained and the metabolic predisposition to confront them, a test of technical gestures repeated in series fitted to analysis of the effort has been thought up and valided.

Methodology. 33 Judokas of regional and national category, with 6 years competitive practice, were subjected during a period of 4 weeks and in 7 different days to:
1) Cineantropometric and body composition study.
2) Aerobic and anaerobic functional valoration.
3) Videographic analysis of the kind effort made.
4) Quantifying the metabolic effort in the combats.
5) The “Uchi-Komis in series test” of blood lactate concentrations.

Results. 74.5?1.55 kg weight, 10.38?0.40 of % body fat, 69.47?4.15 of ?6 skinfold thickness, 61.65?1.43 ml/kg/min of VO2máx. The 73% of combat time in exercise and 27% standing still, 79% as judo foot and 21% as judo on the ground. We haven´t found out significative differences between the initial, middle, maximum, final hear rate and of recuperation in 3 sucessive combats and the simulations. Neither in the post exercise blood lactate concentrations per minute of itself, where maximum blood lactate concentrations were always obtained, but it were in those of the 3º min post exercise that were major in the “Uchi-komis Test”.

Conclusion. The “Uchi-Komis Test in series” readies the metabolic estimation of developed effort in combats, therefore it cam be used as much as predictor of efficiency as in the valoration of the training carried out.

THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL-TACTICAL
SKILL OF JUDOKAS

Kerimov Fikrat, Prof., Dr.Sc., Uzbek St.Inst. of Physical Culture,
Yugai Lev, Prof., Dr.Sc.(Math.), Tashkent St. Univ. of Oriental
Studies,
Bogoutdinov Ravil, Assoc.Prof., Uzbek St.Inst. of Physical

Culture.

Judo can be considered as an activity in which success can be
Achieved if a sportsman(judoka) is able to use a lot of various technical-tactical
actions. That is why we consider the system of control and analysis of
technical-tactical skill as the main task in the organization of the
teaching-training process. We have worked out a special computer program, which enable us to accumulate, save and apply of quantitative indexes of technical-tactical actions of a fighter. All contest information is registered in computer by special coding, which gives us an opportunity to fix every technical action the judoka is performing. Then the computer control system analyzes this
information on more then 10 quantitative parameters( for example, " the level of attack" "effectiveness of attack", "mean value of contest attacks" etc.).
The developed control system makes it possible to create all
conditions for introducing of normative base in teaching-training process. Further, the analyzed information is applied by coaches for simulation of a contest with concrete opponents during high level judo championships and tournaments.

e-mails: 1) yugai@silk.org
2) lev@tasgiv.silk.org
2. KERIMOV Fikrat ----- Professor, Doctor of Sciences(Pedagogigs)

Address : Republic of Uzbekistan
Tel : 998-712-68-09-95
Tashkent-700052
Fax : 998-712-68-09-98
Ul. Akkurganskaya, 2
E-mail : domac@ishonch.uz
Uzbek St. Inst.of Physical Education
Department of wrestling
3.BOGOUTDINOV Ravil ----- Associate Professor, Uzbek St. Inst. of
Physical Education

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ANTHROPOMETRIC DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN ELITE AND NONELITE JUDO PLAYERS

Emerson Franchini¹; Monica Yuri Takito¹; Maria Augusta Peduti Dal’Molin Kiss¹; Stanislaw Sterkowicz^2
1 – Laboratory of Sport Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport – University of São Paulo – Brazil;
² – Department of Combat Sports – Academy of Physical Education - Krakow
FAPESP support (99/06408-2)
Some physical fitness and anthropometric variables are considered requisites to high performance in judo competition (Iida et al., 1998; Sikorski et al., 1987; Thomas et al., 1989): low body fat and high arm circumference, anaerobic power and capacity, strength and aerobic capacity. However, little is known about the differences between elite (E) and nonelite (NE) judo players. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the differences between E (Brazilian National and International medallists) and NE (nonmedallists in Brazilian National Tournaments) junior and senior judo players. Table 1 presents the variables and number of E and NE evaluated.

Table 1: Variables and number of athletes evaluated.

Groups were compared through an ANCOVA (covariates – age and weight category) followed by a post-hoc Scheffé test (significance level = 5%). E group presented better results than NE group in the following variables (p < 0.05): circumference (cm) - flexed arm (E=35.8?3.5; NE=32.1?3.7), forearm (E=29.3?3.6; NE=26.5?3.0), wrist (E=17.8?1.1; NE=16.8?1.1), calf (E=38.9?4.2; NE=36.1?3.9); breadth (cm) - femur (E=10.1?0.8; NE=9.6?0.6), humerus (E=7.3?0.6; NE=6.9?0.5); WT (W/kg) - MP (E=5.73?0.77; NE=5.36?0.75), PP (E=7.63?0.98; NE=7.00?1.30); SJFT – number of throws (E=28?2; NE=25?2); index (E=12.52?1.11; NE=14.16?1.52). The other variables were not different between groups. It can be concluded that E judo players presented higher upper body and specific anaerobic power and capacity, higher circumferences (specially from upper body, indicating superior muscle mass in this area) and that skinfold, hand grip strenght and aerobic power and capacity were similar in E and NE judo players, like some suggestions made by other authors (Sikorski et al., 1987; Little, 1991). Thus, these results suggest that training and talent identification of judo athletes should pay special attention to variables that were different between E and NE athletes.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL VARIABLES IN HIGH LEVEL COLLEGE JUDO PLAYERS

Emerson Franchini¹; Monica Y. Takito¹; César C. Cavinato^{1 3}; Luciano Matheus²; Rômulo C. M. Bertuzzi 1; Douglas E. B. Vieira^{2 3}
1 – School of Physical Education and Sport – University of São Paulo;
2 – Brazilian University Sports Federation (Confederação Brasileira dos Desportos Universitários);
3 – Bandeirante University of São Paulo - Brazil

Some researches studied morphological (Claessens et al., 1986), physiological (Thomas et al., 1989) and technical variables (Sterkowicz & Franchini, 2000) of high level judo players. Recently, studies has focused on the relationships between them in specific sport situations (Sugiyama, 1999; Sterkowicz et al., 1999). Considering these aspects, the present study aimed to verify the correlation between the following variables: (1) morphological – body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF) and muscle mass (%musc); (2) physiological – performance and blood lactate (LA) after 2 upper body Wingate tests (2WT), performance and LA after the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), LA before and after (1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 min) a 5 min judo combat simulation; (3) isometric strenght – right and left hand grip (HG); (4) technique and tactic actions – number of attacks (NA), type of techniques (ashi, koshi, te, sutemi, ossae, shime and kansetsu), number of different techniques applied and time structure (interval, time spent on throwing and ground work) in the combat simulation. Thirteen (including 7 members of Brazil University Team, 2nd place in Team Competition in Malaga’2000) subjects gave their informed consent to take part in this study. Pearson correlation was used to verify the relationship between variables (the significance level was 5%). %BF was correlated with: relative total work in 2WT (r = -0,87), throws in the SJFT (r = -0,70), SJFT index (r = 0,72), number of attacks during combat (r = -0,76). %musc was correlated with the number of attacks plus defenses during combat (r = 0,79). Relative total work during the 2WT was correlated with: throws in the SJFT (r = 0,72), number of attacks (r = 0,76) and groundwork time during combat (r = 0,67). The number of throws in the SJFT was correlated with total of attacks plus defenses during combat (r = 0,68). The number of te-waza applied during combat was correlated with LA after combat (r = 0,85). HG was no correlated with any variable of the combat simulation. LA after 2WT, SJFT and combat presented positive correlations between them (2WT-combat, r = 0,69; SJFT-combat, r = 0,82; 2WT-SJFT, r = 0,65). These results seems indicate that judo players with lower %BF, higher anaerobic performance in the 2WT and in the SJFT tend to execute more attacks during combat, probably because a better metabolic adaptation to the combat requirements. Other important point is that the te-waza was associated with LA after combat, confirming parttially the observed by Sugiyama (1999) about the higher physiological requirement of some te-waza (e.g., seoi-nague and kata-guruma) compared to ashi-waza (e.g., de-ashi-harai and ko-uchi-gari). These observations can help the strategy applied by judo players in situations with higher perceived fatigue during combat.

EFFECTS OF CONTRAST WORK PREVIOUS TO A COMPETITION ON THE IMPROVEMENT
OF THE ACCELERATION PHASE OF THE LEADING ARM IN KUZUSHI IN AN ACTION
OF HIP OR ARM.

José Manuel García Garcia; Fernando Navarro Valdivielso.
University of Castilla La Mancha. Faculty of Sports Science. Toledo, Spain.

Key words : Judo, Strength, Power, Contrast System, warm-up.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to find out to what extent strength training based on the methodology of contrast could improve the acceleration component and therefore, the maximum strength speed of the leading arm in the moment of Kuzushi in an action of hip or arm, done in the same work session. The result of the study could later be taken as methodological orientation when structuring a work session previous to competition or warm-up.

METHOD (Subjects and design)
12 judoists of intermediate level and aged sub-23 (21+-SD1,2) were distributed at random into two groups (E,n=6), experimental group and (C,n=6), control group. All the judokas were university students who trained five days a week. During the week previous to the study (Monday to Friday), the subjects performed an extra session, apart from their training, of varying workload (1x3x80%1RM + 1x3x40%1RM + 2x3x80%1RM + 2x3x40%1RM ) All the exercises were in a rowing position face down on a horizontal bench, performed at maximum speed. The rest between sets was 1’-1’15” .
The study consisted of evaluating the different rates of strength of the leading arm in the Kuzushi position in a hip action by means of an exercise using a simple pulley at shoulder height of the subject and connected to a computer evaluation system with a scanning frequency of 1000Hz, which was connected to the ISOCONTROL 2.0 system (Ate micro s,1) .
The following was done as such: Initial evaluation of the two groups, maximum strength, maximum acceleration, maximum power and the time until the maximum power acceleration was achieved with the workload of 1RM, 80%1RM and 40%1RM after a general warm-up.
Control group: stretching and general exercises. Experiment group: performed training based on strength work according to contrast methodology: (1x3x80%1RM + 1x3x40%1RM + 2x3x80%1RM + 2x3x40%1RM ) of the previous exercise. 30’ of active rest and new evaluation of the subjects of both groups.
In the control group no significant improvement was observed in any of the variables studied at (p<0,01). In the experimental group significant statistical improvement was observed at (p<0,01) in the acceleration component with workloads of 1RM and 80% of 1RM and in the maximum power with the three workloads. No significant improvement was observed in the time of achieving maximum power.
These results open a new branch of research on the usefulness of including contrast work in the planning of sessions previous to a competition.

Author

José Manuel GARCÍA GARCÍA
Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
Federación Madrileña de JUDO.

Adress : Paseo Alameda de Osuna nº 76.
28042 MADRID. ESPAÑA
e-mail: jmgarciag@arrakis.es
Phone: 0034 91 7477686

Fernando NAVARRO VALDIVIELSO
Universidad de Castilla La Mancha

Adress : Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte
Avda Carlos III s/n. Campus Tecnológico
Toledo 45071. ESPAÑA
e-mail: jmanuel@dep-to.uclm.es

THE SPECIFICITY OF LEARNING IN THE O-SOTO-GARI ACQUISITION

Fabio R. F. Gomes¹; Cassio M. Meira Jr.^{1, 2}; Emerson Franchini²
1 – University of Grande ABC;
2 – University of São Paulo

According to the specificity of learning hypothesis, as learning progresses, the relevant sources of information related to a movement task are presumed to become even more tightly integrated. When performance conditions result in the appearance or disappearance of such relevant sources of information, we can view it as the manipulation of information as a pedagogical strategy. In terms of judo throwing techniques, there is no trend in the literature whether practising in motion or in static position. It is believed that practising throwing techniques in motion (as the combat) would cause superior future performances compared to the no-motion condition. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the specificity of learning hypothesis in the acquisition of the o-soto-gari. Specifically, two practice conditions were compared: a) the action in motion and projecting the uke; and b) the action in static position without projecting the uke. Thirty-two children (mean age = 9 years) were allocated to two experimental groups, the motion group and the static group. There were five experimental phases as follows: 1) pre-test (3 trials); 2) acquisition (240 trials); 3) retention (3 trials); 4) transfer 1, performing in the other condition (3 trials); and 5) transfer 2 (3 trials), performing the o-soto-guruma. Data collection were performed in phases 1, 3, 4 and 5 by means of a video camera. Movement patterns were evaluated through a checklist specially elaborated considering the kuzushi (4 points) and the tsukuri (4 points). Data analysis were performed considering the sum of three movement patterns scores per subject (maximum of 24 points). Each group score was obtained from the sum of the sixteen subject scores (maximum of 384 points) Results are shown in the following table:

The Mann-Whitney U Test was performed to detect between and within group statistical differences. The intra-group analysis showed significant differences for both groups from the pre-test to the retention (motion group: Z = - 4.67, p < 0.001; static group: Z = - 2.64, p < 0.01) which can be interpreted as an occurrence of learning. The inter-group analysis indicated superior performance of the motion group in retention (Z = - 3.18, p < 0.01), transfer 1 (Z = - 3.50, p < 0.001) and transfer 2 (Z = - 2.35, p < 0.02). In the light of these results, it can be concluded that little support was given to the specificity of learning hypothesis and the practice condition whose characteristics are similar to the judo combat (motion group) provided superior test performances. Thus, the learning of throwing techniques can be improved by the use of motion and the projection of the uke in practice sessions (after students had learnt ukemi techniques).

Changes of Cerebral Oxygenation and Circulation during "Shime-waza" of Judo

Shukoh HAGA*, Kiyomi UEYA**, Hirotaka OKADA*, Koji KOMATA*, Ryozo NAKAMURA*, Yoshinori TAKEUCHI*, Takeshi NAKAJIMA***, Soon Gill LIM****, Jung Haeng KIM****, Yong Sung PARK*****, Hideki OHNO******(Univ. Tsukuba*, Yamanashi Univ.**, Kokushikan Univ.***, Yong-in Univ., Korea****, Int. Judo Fed.*****, Sch. Med. Kyorin Univ. Japan******)

Purpose :
"Shime-waza", choking of neck, is an official technique in judo and is peculiar to this combative sport. The physiological phenomenon of shime-waza has raised some interesting points concerning the metabolism in brain. We have previously reported the changes in the cerebral blood flow and circulatory responses shime-waza in the Academy Conference of the 1st World Judo Championship Competition (Birmingham, 1999), thus leading us on the starting point of the Judo study. Except for our study, however, there were very few studies on the cerebral blood flow and oxygenation during shime-waza. The purpose of the present study was to further investigate the changes of cerebral oxygenation, blood volume and blood flow during shime-waza.

Methods :
Male Judo university players (3-4 dan) participated in the present study as subjects. In all cases, the shime-waza procedure, namely, "Katajuji-jime" had been carried out by a Judo expert (7 dan) until the subjects expressed their give-up. For safety's sake, shime-waza could not be carried out until the subjects lost their consciousness (so-called "ochi"). The regional cerebral oxygenation and blood volume were monitored by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Simultaneously, systolic and diastolic blood pressure every pulse was measured by an automatic sphygmotonograph (STBT-780, Colin, Japan). The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined at the location of the middle cerebral artery using Doppler ultrasonography (SSD-5500, Aloca, Japan). When the CBF was measured, a manchette technique was used as the choking method in order to avoid some artifacts produced by Katajuji-jime.

Results and Discussion :
We observed two patterns for the cerebral
oxygenation and regional blood volume responses measured by the different methods of shime-waza.
Type I (choking the carotid body): The oxygenation (•HbO2) and bood volume (•Total-Hb) were rapidly decreased during choking, but they returned to the pre-choking values promptly after stopping choking. These changes were thought to be due, in large part, to hypoxia produced by the sudden block of cerebral blood flow.
Type II (choking the trachea): The •Total-Hb was gradually increased until a gesture of give-up, and then returned to normal slowly. On the other hand, the •HbO2 declined slightly during choking. Such patterns appeared to be derived from relatively slow choking, which caused a wide disparity in choking time between artery and vein, thereby resulting in an elevation of cerebral blood flow. The CBF measured by the Doppler method decreased immediately and stopped completely in about 5-15 sec after the start of choking. After stopping the shime, the reperfusion of the CBF took10-20 sec. The results obtained suggested the changes in the distribution of blood flow in brain. Collectively, these findings suggest that CBF may be limited by the interception and/or the decrease of blood flow in the middle cerebral artery, thus inducing a decrease in the regional blood volume as well as in oxygenation in brain due to a rapid ischemic phenomenon.
This study was supported by grants-in-aid for scientific research from the
Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (10308001) and from the Cesar Foundation for the Advancement of Budo.

Key words : Shime-waza, Cerebral Oxygenation, Cerebral Blood Flow, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultrasound Doppler

Effect of taping with elastic bandage on the foot and ankle joint functions due to Judo training

Hiroshi HARUHARA*, Shigetada TOMITA*, Naoto YAMAUCHI**,
and Naoya TSUNODA**

* Japanese Society of Judo Therapy , Tokyo, Japan
** Faculty of Physical Education, Kokushikan University, Tokyo Japan

It was reported that a occurrence of the joint injuries during the Judo training and/or match showed a higher percentages in the lower limb, especially ankle joint injury such as sprain, for the junior and senior high school Judoist (Hashimoto N., J.J.T. 2000 ). The taping technique with elastic bandage was frequently applied to the prevention of the muscle and the joint injuries in many athletic and/or exercise activities.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of taping with elastic bandage on functional changes in foot and ankle joint before and after Judo training in male varsity Judoist.
Twelve male varsity Judoist were served as subjects who trained for six days in a week and they were experienced the Judo during over six years. History of the injury in foot and ankle joint was investigated using questionnaires in all subjects. The elastic bandage taping was attached from leg to foot in both leg with the keep stability of the ankle joint in all subjects. Subjects were trained two times of the five minutes Randori practice with attached and without attached taping. Muscle power in lower limb with vertical jump, agility, dynamic stability, and flexibility of the ankle joint were measured before and after Randori practice in different conditions of with and without attached taping.
Muscle power, flexibility of ankle joint in internal direction, and dynamic stability were decreased after Randori practice in without attached elastic bandage than that of with taping condition.
From theses results it was considered that to attach the elastic bandage could be occurrence of functional changes such as stability in the joint during the Judo training and/or mach, furthermore, it to be more effective to prevention of the ankle joint injury such as sprain.

Effects of Organic Acids on Judo Players’ Training
Hiroshi Hasegawa ,¹⁾ Yasufumi Koyama ,²⁾
Tetsunori Shimokawa ,³⁾ and Toshinori Shiraishi⁴⁾
1)Toyo Shisei-sha , 2)Kokushikan University ,
3)Kyorin University , and 4) Fuso Chemical Industries,Ltd.

Abstract
I. Purpose
Among metabolic changes, muscular fatigue is most deeply involved in sports activities. It occurs when the somatic tissue is overtaxed during a long period of time, although the degree of muscular fatigue differs according to individual’s ability and physical strength. It is a purpose to clarify the role of an organic acid in the recovery of muscular fatigue in sports.

II. Methods
In the present study, blood and urine samples were obtained from a total of 30 judo players, including 10 in the light class, 10 in the middle class, and 10 in the heavy class, before and after judo training, to investigate changes in lactic acid/pyruvic acid ratio by organic acid intake. We herein report our results that revealed the achievement of a very satisfactory lactic acid/pyruvic acid ratio, very close to 10:1.

III. Result and Discussion
Energy is required whenever humans use their muscles, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), produced through energy metabolism, is supplied at that time. Humans decrease their ability to do sports as they become deficient in ATP. Lactic acid is produced as a decomposition product in the energy metabolic pathway at the time of production of ATP, and the muscle becomes fatigued and painful as a certain amount of lactic acid is accumulated. Lactic acid is an ?-hydroxide, playing an important role in acid-base balance as a univalent anion. In muscle tissue, pyruvic acid is produced from phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate kinase, and then reduced to lactic acid by LDH. It is generally most desirable that the ratio of lactic acid to pyruvic acid is maintained at 10:1. To achieve this ratio for recovery from fatigue, various sports drinks have been recently developed and consumed in the worldwide sports fields.

Key words : muscular fatigue, judo players, organic acid, pyruvic acid

Scientific Studies on Judo : Poster Presentations

Programme :

1. Title :
Presentation of contents and selected results of the working team for judo at the Institute of Applied Training Science (IAT) to support the process in judo by training science

2. Contents of the programme :
• Short presentation of the IAT- structure and position of the working team for judo
• Presentation of three focuses of the work of the judo working team.

- Analysis of competitions
(computer-aided analysis of video recordings of international competition highlights, analyses of the state of the art, trends regarding combat control and efficiency of competition techniques, multimedia presentation of individual profiles of athletes)
- Diagnostics of performance
by the example of a semi-specific step test to gather stamina-wise conditions of performance (aerobic and anaerobic performance)

- Training control
(Analysis of processes of load and recovery during the phase of immediate preparation for competitions by means of biochemical parameters lactate and creatine kinase)

• Goals, contents and selected results regarding individual focuses of work

In addition to the presentations on the poster, computer presentations on the range of services of the IAT as well as on the mentioned three focuses of work are shown.

AN STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY IN JUDO
Idarreta, Julen
Instituto Vasco de Educación Física
01007 VITORIA-GASTEIZ
j-idarreta@shee-ivef.com

In the elite of judo the prevalence of left-handers is equal or even greater than that of right-handers. However, we know that many people act as left-hander in the competition and as right-hander in the normal life. In consequence we consider that laterality and functional asymmetry being very important, are not fully understood and have been poorly analyzed and studied. In view of the actual knowledge the lateralization of five elements can be checked trough a few test: eye, shoulders, hand, hips, and foot. Moreover the complexity of this question increases if we take into account that in judo there are two fighters, each one with its own functional laterality, and consequently it is possible to find symmetric “aiyotsu” (right-hander- vs right-hander or left-hander vs left-hander) and asymmetric “kenka-yotsu” (right-hander- vs left-hander) combats. The general objective of this work was to check and analyse the functional laterality in judo. A more specific objective was to decribe the asymetric behaviour of the elite of judo in combat.
A sample of 142 judokas between 13 and 19 years old were studied by means of a questionaire-test. All the participants were from the spanish judo’s elite and their best results were: 63 winners, 28 silver medals, 14 bronze medals, and 37 participants in the final series of the national championships. The results and the conclusions of this work are presented and discussed.
The establishment of the evaluation scale for college judo athletes’ basic physical strength and its application
---Using 81kg class as subjects---

Eio Iida (Honarary Member, Japanese Academy of Budo, Japan)
Hidenaka Wakayama (International Budo University)
Takeshi Nakajima (Kokushikan University)
Masayuki Takeuchi (Daito Bunka University)
Hideyuki Tanaka (Shizuoka University)
David Matsumoto (San Francisco State University)

1. Purpose
In 1999 at The First IJF Judo Conference in Birmingham, using 729 college judo athletes, we reported the establishment of five-level evaluation scale for the college judo athletes’ basic physical strength, in order to find its norm. Along with the revision in new weight division in January 1998, using 109 college judo club members including selected members who participated in various international competitions, we continued to re-establish the five-level evaluation scale. Further, particularly on this study, we attempted the transformation into score by using standard score obtained, and utilized this to help upon instructing judo rather than finding characteristics of each level of the basic physical strength.
2. Method
1). We calculated and arranged the CR at 1-% level by items according to Thomplin elimination examination.
2). We executed the examination of the regularization according to the five-level evaluation scale by each measured item.
3). After the transformation to the scores of each participant, we investigated 30 subjects selected randomly from the selected athletes group and general club members group.
3. Results and discussion
1). As a result of establishment of the five-level evaluation scale and examination of the regularization in each item, except the dynamic balance, we found all the samples forming an appropriate normal distribution, and the comparison of the relationship among the measured items which differ in units possible. Thus, we calculate the scale point into H-score and transformed it into a score.
2). Among both the selected athletes group and general club members group, we compared each between-item, and overall general basic physical strength of five basic physical strength; static muscular strength, agility, leg muscular power, anaerobic endurance, and extension flexibility. As a result, constitution, back muscular strength, and 400m run were found as the important items to associate with athletic ability. Further, it was found that other basic athletic factors and physical function associate with this ability thus suggested its necessity in order to improve the overall ability.
3). Comparing to the selected athletes group which we calculated CV and compared, the degree of the relative distribution of the general club members group was found significant both by each item and by the general physical strength.

A KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE URA-NAGE IN JUDO

Kerimov F.,Prof.,Dr. Sc.; Uzbek St. Institute of Physical Education Yugai L., Prof., Dr.Sc.; Tashkent St. University of Oriental Studies Konyshev K.,Ph.D., Assoc. Prof., Uzbek St. Inst. of Physical Education

One of the important criterions of technical skill in Judo is a high Level of results of the actions of a fighter and its stability for the confusing actions.
Technical preparation of a fighter is impossible without the biomechanical analysis of the actions which are being performed by him during his training sessions or while competing. The central problem of the technical perfection of a fighter is a problem of essential parameters, phases and elements of coordination and their reflection in the rhythm of the technical action. This rhythm of the technical action reflects the efforts and other singularities of the movement.
While analysing rhythm and pace of the technical actions mentioned above the cinematographic method( CM ) was used. With the help of this CM the following can be achieved:
--- the singularities of kinetic analysis of Ura-nage in Judo can be exposed;
--- the comparative analysis of Ura-nage performed as a simple or compound attacks can be made;
--- the variateness of the Ura-nage in connection with changing the direction of its preparatory phase can be considered.
The investigation made revealed different sides of the Ura-nage`s structure. The Ura-nage performed with any preparatory action has different rhythmic structure. The time of a separate phase of the throw depends on the directedness of the preparatory action.
If the preparatory action has the same direction as that of the movement of the throw, than the time of the basic phase decreases.
Preparatory action directed against the movement of basic phase, Forms quite another rhythm, than that made the standard position. Thus, cinematographic analysis of Ura-nage revealed the dependence of the temporal phase upon the character and direction of the preparatory action.

1. YUGAI Lev ------ Professor, Doctor of Sciences(Mathematics)

Address : Republic of Uzbekistan,
Tashkent-700096
Chilanzar, kvartal 5, dom 40, kv.67
Tel: 998+71+187-14-78(mob)
998+71+278-14-78(res)
Fax: 998+71+120-65-65(of)
e-mails: 1) yugai@silk.org
2) lev@tasgiv.silk.org

2. KERIMOV Fikrat ----- Professor, Doctor of Sciences(Pedagogigs)

Address : Republic of Uzbekistan Tel:
998-712-68-09-95
Tashkent-700052
Fax : 998-712-68-09-98
Ul. Akkurganskaya, 2
E-mail : domac@ishonch.uz
Uzbek St. Inst.of Physical Education
Department of wrestling

3. KONISHEV Kurban     Ph.D. Assoc. Professor,
                                                  Uzbek St. Inst. of
Physical Education
Address:( same )

CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNICAL ACTIONS IN JUDO
AND A SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL TRAINING OF JUDOKAS

Modern conditions of the judo world is being characterized by a Sharp competition at the Olympic Games and the World Championships. To become the Olympic Champion or the World Champion nowadays can be gained only by sportsmen of the highly advanced level of morals and willingness as well By those who can posses the whole set of technical skills and physical qualities, and those who demonstrate them due to principles and rules of judo.
The training of judokas in Uzbekistan is being conducted throughout the system of specialized judo sport schools(colleges). Criteria for evaluation of these sport schools as well as their coaches is considered on results of sport achievements of their scholars. As the experience tells us that even leading sport schools which have already educated the prize-winners of the Olympic Games and the World Championships have no a united approach to the process of young judokas training. A limited set of technical actions that is gained as a result of training process does not allow them to achieve some stable and high results, while the French and Japanese judokas are constantly at the winning stand of all the prestigious competitions.
A classification of judo technique and the ways of controlling of its education are suggested which differ from the well known of Japan(Kodokan), Ukraine, Russia and the others.
The suggested system of training and control has been successfully Tested at the judo schools of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan and hopeful results are obtained.
In our opinion, the implementation of this system allows the coaches to educate judokas more efficiently to the judo technique and allows to prepare for national judo teams high level sportsmen, who are able to win medals at the Olympic Games and the World Championships.
Besides, the suggested system of training will be attracting the Bigger number of people willing to master its philosophical principles and judo technique aiming to strengthening of health and spiritual state.

A Study on The Stages of The Mastery in The Technique of USIRO-UKEMI

Shuji Miura* Hokao Takeuchi** ** Katsutoshi Ono***
(*Nanzan University **Chukyo University ***Gifu Keizai University)

-.Introduction
This study is aiming at making clear what are reasonable safe ways of falling down (UKEMI), as well as aiming at definitely explaining the process of the extinction or reduction of shock, an important factor of UKEMI, in relation to the improvement of the technique of UKEMI. There are four kinds of UKEMI, the USHIRO-UKEMI, the YOKO-UKEMI, the MAEMAWARI-UKEMI and the MAE-UKEMI. The first of the four in judo practice is the USHIRO-UKEMI. We took up the problem of the technique of the USHIRO-UKEMI for the target of study.

-.Method of Experiment
1. One of the experimental subjects of the experiment was a trained judo man who was a 4th DAN and the other was an untrained man who had never been experienced in judo before he learned judo for the first time as a subject on the regular curriculum.
2. The pictures of their movements were taken with a high-speed video camera with 200 comas a second at a position 13 m far from the side of the subjects and 1 m high.
3. The posture to start the UKEMI was set to be the half-standing posture and the posture was given two experimental conditions. Condition? was that which was to be used when he was pushed by the assistant on the shoulder and fell down. Condition ? was that which was to be used when he pushed the assistant on the palm and fell down backward as a reaction. The progress of the motion of UKEMI was showed at five points of time.

-.Result and Discussion
1. The results mentioned above told us that the technique of UKEMI of the trained was performed by extending the angle movement of his hip joints, knee joints and toe joints according as the upper body got falling down backward. Namely the extension of the hip joint had the effect of preventing an excessive backward turning by enlarging the angle at the circumference centering around the hip joint to increase the angle momentum. The extension of the knee joints led to the same results as that of the case of the hip joint by leaving the center of gravity forward. The untrained not only made the upper body round by flexing both of the hip joint and the knee joints but also tried to protect the back of his head from being hit on the mat by flexing the neck joint. However, such a way was a posture which made the angle at the circumference smaller and was not able to leave the center of gravity forward. Therefore, that would made it easy to turn backward and an excessive flexion of the neck joint caused as a results would lead to the possibility for an injury of the neck joint.
2. When pushed down by the opponent, the trained took shorter time but the case of the untrained was reversed. We considered that, when pushed down, the trained took an active attitude, using the technique of backward fall to protect himself but the untrained, who refused to be pushed down and resisted, produced such a result. It seemed that a lack of confidence in the technique of UKEMI was also one of the causes. Regarding the time required between the reference points, the trained should little difference under different experimental conditions but the time of the untrained varied between the reference points. We realized that he was influenced by the condition that he should perform the technique of UKEMI after the movement of being pushed by the opponent or pushing for himself. It was suggested that the technique of UKEMI was not yet attended with a reflex action.

Key wards : JUDO, WAZA, UKEMI, USHIRO-UKEMI, break fall

A Study on The Stages of The Mastery in The Technique of USIRO-UKEMI

Shuji Miura* Hokao Takeuchi** ** Katsutoshi Ono***
(*Nanzan University **Chukyo University ***Gifu Keizai University)

- .Introduction
This study is aiming at making clear what are reasonable safe ways of falling down (UKEMI), as well as aiming at definitely explaining the process of the extinction or reduction of shock, an important factor of UKEMI, in relation to the improvement of the technique of UKEMI. There are four kinds of UKEMI, the USHIRO-UKEMI, the YOKO-UKEMI, the MAEMAWARI-UKEMI and the MAE-UKEMI. The first of the four in judo practice is the USHIRO-UKEMI. We took up the problem of the technique of the USHIRO-UKEMI for the target of study.

- .Method of Experiment
4. One of the experimental subjects of the experiment was a trained judo man who was a 4th DAN and the other was an untrained man who had never been experienced in judo before he learned judo for the first time as a subject on the regular curriculum.
5. The pictures of their movements were taken with a high-speed video camera with 200 comas a second at a position 13 m far from the side of the subjects and 1 m high.
6. The posture to start the UKEMI was set to be the half-standing posture and the posture was given two experimental conditions. Condition? was that which was to be used when he was pushed by the assistant on the shoulder and fell down. Condition ? was that which was to be used when he pushed the assistant on the palm and fell down backward as a reaction. The progress of the motion of UKEMI was showed at five points of time.

-.Result and Discussion
3. The results mentioned above told us that the technique of UKEMI of the trained was performed by extending the angle movement of his hip joints, knee joints and toe joints according as the upper body got falling down backward. Namely the extension of the hip joint had the effect of preventing an excessive backward turning by enlarging the angle at the circumference centering around the hip joint to increase the angle momentum. The extension of the knee joints led to the same results as that of the case of the hip joint by leaving the center of gravity forward. The untrained not only made the upper body round by flexing both of the hip joint and the knee joints but also tried to protect the back of his head from being hit on the mat by flexing the neck joint. However, such a way was a posture which made the angle at the circumference smaller and was not able to leave the center of gravity forward. Therefore, that would made it easy to turn backward and an excessive flexion of the neck joint caused as a results would lead to the possibility for an injury of the neck joint.
4. When pushed down by the opponent, the trained took shorter time but the case of the untrained was reversed. We considered that, when pushed down, the trained took an active attitude, using the technique of backward fall to protect himself but the untrained, who refused to be pushed down and resisted, produced such a result. It seemed that a lack of confidence in the technique of UKEMI was also one of the causes. Regarding the time required between the reference points, the trained should little difference under different experimental conditions but the time of the untrained varied between the reference points. We realized that he was influenced by the condition that he should perform the technique of UKEMI after the movement of being pushed by the opponent or pushing for himself. It was suggested that the technique of UKEMI was not yet attended with a reflex action.

Key wards: JUDO, WAZA, UKEMI, USHIRO-UKEMI, break fall

Author : Josue Morisson de Moraes - M. Sc.
Co-author: Attila Joszef Flegner - Ph. D.

Address:
Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitacao Fisica do Exercito (Brazilian Army
Research Institute of Physical Capacitation)
Av Joao Luis Alves, s/n - Urca - Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Brasil - CEP: 22291-090

phone : 55 21 543 3323, ext: 2045
fax number : 55 21 295 0743
e-mail : jmmoraes@hotmail.com

Top

Title: COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES DURING JUDO MATCHES AND
FIVE-MINUTE MAXIMUM RUNS

Abstract (342 words):

The general aim of this work was to study and compare the level of the effort exerted in a set of three judo matches with a set of three five-minute maximum runs, through variables of blood lactate, heart rate, arterial systolic pressure, arterial dyastolic pressure, double product, pulse pressure, mean blood pressure and perceived exertion, and to verify if there is a significant relationship between the efforts, in order to plan complementary and alternative methods of physical training outside of the dojo. The sample was of the convenient and intentional type, composed of eighteen elite male judo players, aged 21,02 + - 2,28, from the Brazilian Army and/or Rio de Janeiro teams, weighing 76,36 kg + - 15,35. The athletes took part in one set of three five-minute judo matches with ten-minute intervals between them. After at least forty-eight hours of rest, the athletes ran one set of three five-minute of maximum runs, in order to verify the relationship between these runs and the set of judo matches.
Blood samples were collected from the left earlobe for lactate analysis one minute before every judo match or run, and at the second, fifth and ninth minute after the efforts. Heart rate was measured one minute before every judo match or run, at the end of them and at the first, third, fifth and ninth minute after the efforts. Blood pressure was measured on the right arm, in a standing position, one minute before every judo match or run, at the first, fifth and ninth minute after the efforts. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that: a) the set of judo matches presented more hemodynamic, metabolic and psychophysiological demands than the set of three five-minute maximum runs, as we can observe in superior significantly absolute mean values of the of blood lactate, heart rate, double product and perceived exertion; b) except for arterial dyastolic pressure, the p values were not significant, evidencing the existence of a significant relationship between the set of three judo matches and the set of three five-minute maximum runs.

THE MECHANISM OF BODY MOVEMENT AND INJURY OCCURRENCE

Yasuhiko MORIWAKI*, Yoshiko OIZUMI** Yasuhumi KOYAMA, * Hitoshi SAITOU,
*Naoto YAMAGUCHI, *Chikara TANAKA, Eio IIDA***, Shinji INABA****,
and Takeshi NAKAJIMA*
(*Kokushikan University,**Nihon Joshi Taiiku University,***Japanese Academy of Budo,****NHK Japan)

-. Introduction
It has been 36 years since Tokyo Olympics, which were in December 1964. Now this year, we will have the 27th Olympics in Sydney.
Judo has been widespread and developed in 183 countries all over the world. In each country, they have reinforced not only players but also the organization to support players to improve their skill and to win. As a result, the level of skills has been incredibly getting higher. But at the same time, as a it is the nature of martial art, injury occurs more frequently and seriously.
In this study, we inquired and reported injury that may damage the life as a player, mentioning fundamental physical fitness. We focused on basic movements known as Ukemi and Taibetsu. Our purpose was to analyze some scenes when injury occurred through VTR and explain the mechanism of injury occurrence.

-. Methods
We analyzed scenes from the All Japan Judo Competition, Seoul Olympics and others. They were all broadcasted on NHK.
We focused on the basic movement such as Ukemi, Taibetsu, and Kansetsu and their direction, position and exact point of injury.

-. Results and Discussion
There seems to be a minus image of judo as an injury sport. But originally, the important thing in Judo is to learn Ukemi, Taibetsu and other skills not to be injured during play. We are facing an aging society, and as a sport for 21th century, don't we have to think of judo which old
people can enjoy playing? In a magazine, they say "It is important not only to educate young players but to create the circumstances where old people can play."(Kindai Judo, January 2000). For this purpose, we believe that elucidating the mechanism of injury is necessary to understand the right way of practice, to instruct the players and to develop judo as everyone can enjoy through life.

Key wards : Judo, skill, , injury, fundamental physical fitness, basic movements, VTR.

THE VALUE OF JUDO TRAINING FOR HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS
For College/University Students.

Hikaru Murata
- (Davis & Elkins College, West Virginia.)

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the values of health related components of physical fitness of judo training. The health related components of physical fitness are cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, muscular flexibility and body composition.
The study focused on the first five components which to measure the values of judo training. Cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, muscular flexibility and body composition are measurable components of the participants' physiological changes as a result of the judo training.
A sample of 25 subjects were selected from the University of Kansas Judo team, Kansas and Davis and Elkins College Judo team, West Virginia. Male and female college students with no judo experience were the participants. All participants' Resting Heart Rate, Recovery Heart Rate and VO2 Max test were for cardiovascular endurance, a Push-Up test and a Sit-Up test were for muscular endurance, Grip and vertical Jump tests were for muscular strength. The Sit and Reach and Sling tests were for muscular flexibility. Body mass index and skin folds measure for body composition were measured at the beginning and end of the 2001 spring semester. All participants practice judo training which consists of warm-up, stretching and push-ups and sit-ups, Ukemi, Uchikomi, Nagekomi, Idoh-Uchikomi, Randori (Osaekomiwaza only) and Randori, for one hour and a half a day, 3 days a week for 12 weeks. The Thompson test was the statistical measurement used to determine if a significant difference existed on all of the health related component tests between
pre-training test and post training test. The significance was set at the 0.5 level.
The result reveals that there were significant differences between pretest and post test on cardiovascular endurance and body composition. There was no significant difference on other health related components' tests.

An Elucidation on What led Jigoro Kano to the Principle of Maximum
Efficiency as the basic Judo Philosophy

Professor Naoki MURATA (Kodokan Judo Institute)

ABSTRACT
-. Purpose
The purpose of this elucidation is to try to make it clear why and how Jigoro Kano, the founder of Kodokan Judo, fostered such a novel philosophy of Judo as the basic principle of maximum efficiency through his Jujutsu training.

-. Methods
To analyze articles that he wrote in the official magazines such as ‘Judo’ and ‘Sakuko’ issued by the Kodokan while he was alive.

-. Results and Discussion
1. The idea of the Principle of Maximum Efficiency came to him, because of what the old master of Tenjin-Syinyo-Ryu Jujutsu, Hachinosuke Fukuda did not explain him at all, for all his questions regarding the principles of techniques, what were the basic principles of Jujutsu.
2. The idea of the Principle of Maximum Efficiency was to come to him because what he found was very poor science in the teaching methods of Kito-Ryu Jujutsu.
3. The idea of the Principle of Maximum Efficiency grew in his mind because what he found in ‘Ju no Ri’ =Principle of Ju (which worked during the Jujutsu period in Tokugawa era) was not good enough to explain logically all aspects of attack and defense in a scientific manner.
4. Various principles written and advocated in each Jujutsu textbook left him at a loss how to determine which were the correct and efficient principles to incorporate as genuine technical methodology.
5. Jigoro Kano noticed remarkable changes in both his body, which became physically fitter, and his mind which became more patient eliminating his bad habit to give in easily to his temper.
Discussion : There must have been a lot of students of Jujutsu besides Jigoro Kano. But why was he the only one to produce Kodokan Judo fostering the idea of the Principle of Maximum Efficiency? I hypothesize because of his brilliant intelligence and obstinate character with memories of being chagrined at his losing in playground fights and at the violence in his dormitory life in his childhood days were the basic ingredients that led to worldwide Kodokan Judo.

Key words : Maximum Efficiency, Obstinacy, Violence, Loser

Assessment of Function of Concentration Maintenance (TAF) in Judo Athletes

Takeshi NAKAJIMA*, Shukoh HAGA**, Kiyomi UEYA***, Kazuki ESAKI**, Hirotaka OKADA**, Koji KOMATA**, Yasufumi KOYAMA*, Tetsunori SHIMOKAWA****, Yasuhiko MORIWAKI*, Hitoshi SAITOH*, Naoto YAMAUCHI*, Eimatsu TAKAKUWA*****, and Hideki OHNO****** (Kokushikan Univ.*, Univ. Tsukuba**, Yamanashi Univ.***, Kyorin Univ.****, Hokkaido Univ.*****, and School Med. Kyorin Univ.******, Japan)

In general, fatigue is a state resulting from work imposed upon a living body. Actually, it presents as a lowering of will to work and/or of efficiency. On the other hand, theoretically, it is defined as the combined output of mental activity and physiological function. However, it is not easy to estimate fatigue objectively or quantitatively. Forty years ago, one of the current authors (Takakuwa) developed a new method to assess the above combined output of fatigue more objectively; that is, a new apparatus for estimating the target aiming function (TAF), which enabled us to quantify fatigue, consisted of the following three parts: the barrel of a gun, a target, and an electromagnetic oscillograph (Takakuwa, E.: Ergonomics, 5: 37, 1962; 14: 158, 1971). When the target is accurately sighted, the oscillograph goes to the top and in proportion to the inaccuracy in sighting it goes to the bottom. The movement of the gun barrel in sighting is, thus, presented as a continuous curve. The sighting is continued for one min followed by a 10-sec rest, and the process is repeated three times. Mental concentration capacity and maintenance is a very important factor in judo athletes, probably bringing a victory on them. Fortunately, the TAF test is still available. So, we have taken a great interest in the TAF of judo athletes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the function of maintaining concentration in judo athletes using the TAF test. The results of the TAF test will be discussed together with those of the POMS and Kraepelin tests.
Supported by the Cesar Foundation for the Advancement of Budo.

Key words : Judo Athletes, Fatigue, Brain, Function of Concentration Maintenance, TAF

STUDIES ON WEIGHT REDUCTION OF HIGH SCHOOL AND
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL JUDOISTS IN GROWTH

Taketo SASAKI* Yuichirou WATANABE** Stephen G. Voss***
(*Fukushima University , **Koriyama Commerce High School,
***The Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN. U.S.A.)

ABSTRACT

- .Purpose
This study investigated weight reduction programs of high school Judoists and analyzed the data for advising Judoists on appropriate weight reduction.

- .Method
Subjects were administered a questionnaire by a male and female judoists from Fukushima prefecture. The questionnaire was administered to 473 high school (HS) and 312 junior high school (JHS) students. Totally, 462 HS (97.7%) and 243 (77.9%) JHS students completed the questionnaire (overall 89.8% of 785 students). The administrators of the investigation conducted questionnaire analysis. A significant difference was obtained by the ?2 authorization.

- .Result and Discussion
The results determined that more females than males and more HS than JHS students experienced weight loss. High school (89.2%) and junior high school students (93.7%) were not familiar with the term " Proportion of body fat ". Students unaware of their own body weight were 18.7% for HS and 22.4% for JHS. Many students in both groups indicated that the decision to practice weight reduction was personal and could not be influenced by others. It was determined that the range of weight loss for HS was larger than that of JHS and males larger than females (1 -2 kg). JHS students did not demonstrate any significant differences between the males and females for weight loss during a given period. This period was about one week in duration. The tendency for losing weight is longer in the HS students, as well as not significant. HS students demonstrated more intent to lose weight and a larger range in the loss of weight than that of JHS. However, this was not significant. Several methods of weight loss were reported by the HS and JHS students. Many of these methods involved techniques of dehydration. These effective methods of weight loss reported, involved wearing extra clothes while training, running, and reduction of food intake. The tendency to reduce food intake was reported to be a painful method. Many students reported decreased body functions such as power, endurance power, and concentrated power" due to the weight loss program. For HS males the decrease in endurance, power and concentrated power was significant. In addition, a highly significant decrease was reported for the females. The opposite was reported in JHS females, who reported that body functions felt improved. Endurance power for these increased 24.1 %. The HS males reported a significant increase in agility (23.2%). Answers such as "their bodies felt heavy and thirsty" and "they got irritated" were found for the subjective symptoms of fatigue in both HS and JHS groups. Success of a weight loss program was reported by both JHS and HS student males and females with comments such as:"succeeded if it was possible to drop up to regulated weight", "succeed if power was able to be put out even if it was not possible to win", and "any state won and succeeded". The students in both groups offered many negative comments, stating it was painful, they got hungry, and they should not have attempted weight loss. Additionally, female Judoists reported menstruation to become irregular or to stop altogether.

Key words : High school and Junior high school Judoists, Proportion of body fat, weight reduction, the range of weight loss, body functions

Stanislaw STERKOWICZ – Department of Combat Sports of Academy of Physical Education in Krakow – POLAND
Wieslaw BLACH – Department of Combat Sports of Academy of Physical Education in Krakow – POLAND

AN ANALYSIS OF AGE, MANNER OF VICTORY AND EFFICIENT ACTIONS DURING THE OLYMPIC JUDO TOURNAMENT IN SYDNEY IN 2000
(Summary)

Finding answers to some questions relating to probable changes occurring in the age, manner of victory, and efficient actions during the Olympic Judo Tournament in Sydney is the objective of the present work, which is a continuation of studies conducted on the material from the Olympic Games in Atlanta [Sterkowicz, Kiejda, Blach 1997].
The official records made available at the Sydney Games [Games 2000] were analyzed 238 competitors entered for the Olympic Judo Tournament, and their age was classified according to the criteria of the International Judo Federation which had earlier been used in Atlanta [Atlanta1996]. In general, they had 316 fights in seven weight categories.
The manner of their victory was examined taking account of:
A) the awarding of points - Ippon, Wazaari x 2, Yuko, Koka, Hansokumake, Keikoku Chui, Shido Yusei and others [ Refereeing 1998 ],
B) their throwing and grappling techniques – hand, foot and leg , sacrifice, and hip throws as well as holding, joint locking , choking, penalties and others,
C) the technical actions determining their victories, e.g. Seoi-nage, Kesa-gatame, Ude-hishigi-juji-gatame and others (classification of actions comprises about 100 elements illustrated in available publications [Pawluk 1975].
The average time of fight and its utilization in relation to maximum time in percentages was characterized [Sikorski 1985]. The comparison of results of observation of fights at the Sydney Olympic Games and in Atlanta was made by means basic statistical methods. Additionally, the number efficient technical actions and penalties per minute were counted in 34 champions’ fights.
At the Olympic Judo tournament (Sydney 2000), there were 238 competitors, of whom 3, 8% were below 19; 39,5% were between 20 and 24; 44,1% between 25 and 29; and 12,6% above 30 years of age. In total, they waged 316 fights in seven weight categories. The maximum time of fight utilization index amounted to 62%. 200 of technical actions resulted in awarding of Ippon (63%), 13 activities (4%) were scored as double Waza-ari, and disqualifications also determined 4% of all the fights. The analysis showed that coercing the opponent into penalty for non-combativity contributed towards victories a little more often than throwing and grappling techniques according to the traditional seven-element Kodokan classification. Efficient throws determined victories in 246 fights, while grappling techniques during groundwork only in 36 fights. Foot and leg techniques (Uchi-mata, Ko-soto-gake, O-soto-gari) and hand and arm techniques (Seoi-nage, Sukui-nage, Kata-guruma) dominated in the group of throws. Among sacrifice techniques against the attacking competitor Ura-nage was the most frequent, whereas Harai-goshi among hip techniques. Juji-gatame joint lock was especially effective in Ne-waza.
This study compares also the frequency of victorious techniques during the Olympic Judo Tournaments in Sydney and Atlanta and characterizes the champions’ styles of fight (age between 22 and 31) with those of their opponents’, which may be interesting for judo coaches. It was found that in Sydney it was exclusively the actions in standing position that decided about victory during the champions’ fights, throws that is.

PROF. DR. P. BLASER – INSTITUTSDIREKTOR UND LEITER DES WISSENSCHAFTSBEREICHES BEWEGUNGSWISSENSCHAFTEN

Sportmotorik
Sportbiomechanik
Forschungsmethodologie
Methoden der Datenverarbeitung
Sportschwimmen
Tel. 0391/6714721
e-mail : Peter.Blaser@gse-w.uni-magdeburg.de

Dr. Stucke, Christine - wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin im Strukturbereich Bewegungswissenschaften

Sportpsychologie
Gerätturnen
Tel. +49(0)391/6714743 (Büro)
Fax. +49(0)391/6714705 (Institutsfax)
e-mail : Christine.Stucke@GSE-W.Uni-Magdeburg.de

DR. STRESO, WOLFRAM – WISSENSCHAFTLICHER MITARBEITER IM STRUKTURBEREICH TRAINING UND GESUNDHEIT
Judo
Selbstverteidigung
Wintersport
Surfen
G 40 R 183
Tel. +49(0) 391 6716719
e-mail: Wolfram.Streso@GSE-W.Uni-Magdeburg.de

Relation between cognitive representation of movement and motor action in specialised judo training
- Presentation of research – concept –

Streso, W.; Stucke, Chr. & Blaser, P.
Department of Sports Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg
Federal Republic of Germany

Introduction
If sportsmen learn or make a complex movement, then fundamental aspects of motor action are represented cognitively.
According to Wiemeyer (1994) these representations of movement are hypothetical working models, which are supposed to explain human motor action and motor control.
The questions raised are:
1.What relationship is there between the cognitive representation of movement and the process of motor learning?
2. What relationship can be identified between this representation and the motor action?

From our point of view motor learning can be described as the development, modification and connection of different forms of movement representations. The process of motor learning goes along with changes in movement representations. Two processes can initiate these changes:
1. information about the motor process, including mental training,
2. internal and external feedback during (or after) the realization of movement.

Objective
The overall objective of this study is to analyse the relationship between the cognitive representation of movement and motor action in specialised judo training and to apply the results to optimise the training process.

The objective contains the following elements
1. The analysis of a basic judo throw movement,
2. The recording of the cognitive representation of the judo movement and the development of a mental training program to change faulty movement representation,
3. The examination of the effects of mental training on the execution of movement.

Methodology of the investigation
The computer-supported measurement equipment comprises two measuring sites. By means of the first site the movement representations and the effects of the mental training are recorded. The second measuring site is a picture or movement analysis system made by the company “Simi” (Unterschließheim). With the help of this system we can determine the kinematic character of the judo movement as an indicator of the quality of the motor action.
The movement-representation and the mental training program took place with the help of so-called picture-order- and picture-assignment tasks.
The basis of the pictures are computer animations of a correctly executed real movement.

Realisation of pilot-study
Two youngsters (13 and 15-years-old) from a specialist sport school took part in our pilot-study.
At first we determined the pre-test level of the “o-goshi” throw movement. This included:
1. the analysis of the quality of motor-action,
2. the analysis of movement-representation.
A mistake-analysis which referred to the execution of the movement as well as the movement-representation was the basis for the mental training program. This included nine sessions of mental training over a period of four weeks. During this time the youngsters were not physically training this technique. Afterwards we analysed the post-test using the same methods as the pre-test.

Presentation of selected results of our investigation
At the time the pre-test was carried out the youngsters displayed obvious errors in the execution of the “o goshi” movement as well as in the solving of the cognitive tasks. The mental training program resulted in a clear improvement in the representation of the movement. This could be seen in the flawless results and the noticeably reduced processing time for the cognitive tasks. The effects of the mental training program can be viewed in a variety of ways but their main effect is